Abbreviations and Symbols

[!] Indicates a volume of an especially difficult nature or a volume in which a significant amount of introductory knowledge is presupposed.
[] Indicates a volume which is especially valuable as compared to other works in its category.
[Er] Erickson, Millard. A Concise Dictionary of Christian Theology. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1986. 187 pp.
[Ev] Evans, James H. Black Theology: A Critical Assessment and Annotated Bibliography. New York: Greenwood, 1987. 205 pp.
[Fg] Ferguson, Sinclair B. and David F. Wright, eds. New Dictionary of Theology. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1988. 738 pp.
[Fm] Ferm, Vergilius. An Encyclopedia of Religion. New York: The Philosophical Library, 1945. 844 pp.
[Rm] Ramm, Bernard. An Annotated Bibliography of the History of Theology From Schleiermacher till 1951.
[Rd] Richardson, Alan, ed. A Dictionary of Christian Theology. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1969. 364 pp.
[S] Sugg, Martha Aycock and John Boone Trotti, eds. Building a Pastor's Library. Richmond, VA: Union Theological Seminary, 1991. 202 pp.

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW -- 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES           Back to Index

    Baillie, John. The Interpretation of Religion: An Introductory Study of Theological Principles. New York: Abingdon, 1956. 447 pp.

A comprehensive scholarly examination of the theology of the 19th and 20th centuries from a philosophical orientation. [Rm]

An outstanding discussion of theological evolution is it was impacted by the major scholars and movements of the past two hundred years.

A comprehensive and well written survey of the history of theology from the early church to Thielicke.

A study of the secularization of the major christological doctrines, e.g. the trinity, human and divine natures, and the atonement. [S]

A very valuable two volume set. Analyzes various theological movements and well as the work of various theologians. Also contains good bibliographic information and a help list of dates and glossary.

A thorough but very readable survey. Covers the significant aspects of Christian thought with clarity and insight.

An informative and authoritative classical work in the field. Widely used despite the fact that his basic thesis has been widely discounted. [S]

A topically arranged collection of essays by significant theologians throughout the history of the church. A helpful reference.

Systematic theology from the historical theologian's perspective. Helpful especially in studying the early church but also for those interested in the 19th and 20th century.

Readings from the early church to Martin Luther King, Jr. Arranged by individual theologians. Excellent in scope and depth.

A massive, well-documented, and thorough study of the life of the Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox churches throughout the world from 1815 to the 1960's. Each volume has a briefly annotated bibliography and a detailed index.

An easy reading survey. Contains a valuable section on the connection between enlightenment themes and 19th century theology.

A comprehensive reference. An excellent introductory study of the contributions of significant 19th and 20th century theologians. Covers from Schleiermacher to the present day. Easy reading.

A beneficial explication of the history of protestantism. Provides valuable background information as well as a thorough study of the key developments and thinkers which have influenced 19th and 20th century theology.

Three volume work: Volume 1, Themes of Biblical Theology, volume 2, The Theological Dialogue: Issues and Resources, and volume 3, Ecumenicity and Renewal. Excellent analysis of the major issues and movements of the 20th century. Outstanding scholarship and good bibliographic information.

A work of excellent scholarship. An excellent reference on Christian thought in this period. Analyzes the 18th century crisis of orthodoxy, the challenges of the Enlightenment and of pietism, and the 20th century preoccupation with ecumenism.

An attempt to move beyond modernism to a post-modern orthodoxy representing a mediating position between fundamentalism and liberalism.

A major posthumous work which covers the major trends, movements, and figures of 19th and 20th century Protestant theology. Emphasis is placed on those thinkers which most strongly impacted Tillich's own theological development.

An analysis of the church from 1789 to the present. Excellent background material. Well organized and well written.

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    Alexander, Archibald. The Shaping of Forces of Modern Religious Thought. Glasgow: Maclehose, 1920. 445 pp.

Delineates the theologians, philosophies, and movements which influenced 19th century religious thought. An important and helpful work.

Covers nineteen of the most significant 19th century theologians. Also includes an extensive and valuable section on the philosophical and theological background to 19th century religious thought.

A study of the growth of positivism in the 19th century and the reaction of the religious community to it. Serves as a helpful critique of a movement with profound and lasting impact on scholarly as well as popular thought.

A fascinating work of the status of theological discussion at the turn of the century by an able British scholar. Well organized and presented.

An important work by a conservative British theologian.

An outstanding overview of Christian doctrine from John Locke to the late 19th century. Covers 19th and 20th centuries from p. 381 til end. Presumes significant prior theological knowledge. [Rm]

An important work which claimed that pure New Testament theology became corrupted by Greek metaphysical concepts. While this theory is not widely accepted today, the work is still important for its wide ranging impact on the development of theology in the 19th century. [Rm]

An impressive collection of fifty-six essay by significant conservative scholars from the 19th century arranged topically. Covers a wide ranging group of topics. Contains outstanding biographical and bibliographical information on these scholars.

One of the classic works on the thought of theologians from Schleiermacher to Barth. Even if there are more recent or comprehensive works, this one is important because it is what most major 20th century theologians studied.

A survey of 19th century religious thought. Includes essays from American, British and European authors.

An invaluable selection of essays by renowned scholars on the most influential 19th century theologians and theological movements. Includes bibliographical information on all treated subjects.

A survey of influential theologians from Schleiermacher to Barth. The author seeks to define the "essence of Christianity" expressed in these diverse thinkers.

A good introductory history of 19th century theological thinkers and movements from America, Britain, and the continent.

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    Berkhof, Louis. Recent Trends in Theology. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1946. 47 pp.

An address to Moody Bible Institute which deals with issues within modernism including neo-orthodoxy, humanism, and realistic theology. Brief, clear and lucid. [Rm]

Well written analysis of key theological persons and movements in the middle 20th century by well known Reformed theologian. He places fitting emphasis on the thought of Karl Barth.

Not strictly a theological work but considered a masterpiece of fairness and accuracy in presenting diverse views. Excellent background. Many theological elements. [Rm]

Considers natural theology, theological positivism, and theological existentialism along with the thinkers in each group. Useful bibliographic information.

A biographical study of the thought of sixteen of the most important theologians of the middle 20th century.

An informative survey of the various strands of theological thought present in the 20th century.

A concise and very helpful survey of the background to and current expression of Secular Theology, Theology of Hope, Process Theology, and Roman Catholic Theology since Vatican II. Includes a critique of each from an evangelical perspective.

An explication of various theological doctrines from an evangelical point of view. Also includes a description of the evolution of European, British, and American theology in the 20th century.

A wide-ranging outline of theological movements and influential theologians in America, England, and the Continent.

Contemporary views of revelation, Christ and sin are treated with copious references to theological literature. Of good bibliographical value. [Rm]

A presentation of significant themes in Protestant theology in the 20th century. Serves both as a good introduction and a springboard for further research.

Well-rounded and fair survey of 20th century Protestant thought by Neo-Orthodox theologian. Covers Barth, Niebuhr, Tillich, Bultmann, Bonhoeffer as well as Neo-Orthodoxy, Fundamentalism, Liberalism, and Death of God Theology. Easy reading.

An outstanding expository and critical introduction to the thought of the most important theological minds of the recent period, e.g. Barth, Berkouwer, Brunner, Bultmann, Dodd, Niebuhr, Tillich, et al.

A very impressive analysis of this important period of history. Covers pivotal movements and theologians. Also traces the development of various doctrines, especially that of religious authority.

Excellent and valuable despite its detailed and difficult nature. Traces the connection between philosophy and theology in the 20th century--a topic of incredible value for a proper understanding of the current theological scene.

Interesting survey of the thought of key early-20th century protestant thinkers. Also considers the direction of protestant thought into the late 20th century. Arranged topically.

A good introduction to contemporary evangelical thought by two authors within that tradition. [S]

Considered by many leading thinkers to be the outstanding introduction to theological thought. Extremely well written. [Rm]

Overview of the thought of prominent theologians of the early and middle 20th century. Outstanding biographic and bibliographic information.

A collection of essays by well-known 20th century theologians. Focuses on contemporary trends. Author is partial to ecumenical movement.

A very valuable analysis of two thinkers who have had a tremendous impact on 20th century theology.

An excellent survey of various theological options and perspectives. Very well organized and very easy to read.

A discussion of the theological evolution of significant contemporary theologians such as Hauerwas, Actemeier, Oden, Jüngel, et al.

An interesting discussion of the development of Theology Proper. Also deals with the rise of Neo-Orthodoxy in its many forms.

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    Ahlstrom, Sydney E. Theology in America: The Major Protestant Voices from Puritanism to Neo-Orthodoxy. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967. 630 pp.

Covers four centuries of American Theology. A very good survey which has excellent selections and extensive bibliographies.

An excellent and extremely useful survey of various American theological perspectives, e.g. Protestant, Secular, Black, Liberation, Feminist, Evangelical, and Roman Catholic.

Good study of American theological movements and of the scholars within those movements. The twenty-three contributors (most are liberal theologians) represent the pinnacle of American theological thought in their period. Includes very good biographical and bibliographical information. [Rm]

An interesting analysis of the development of modernism in America from a radically liberal point of view. Especially interesting is his comments in evolution. Discusses the thought of Bushnell, Gordon, Clarke, and King. [Rm]

An easy reading survey. Includes bibliographic information.

A very valuable exposition of the thought of 18 mid-20th century theologians of various backgrounds, e.g. Gilkey, van Buren, Altizer, Pelikan, Ogden, and Niebuhr, et al.

A respectable introduction. Covers Calhoun, Ferré, Lewis, H. R. Niebuhr, and Tillich.

A non-theological study of 20th century American church history. Easy reading. Good background material. [Rm]

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Conservative Theology 

A broad category containing those theologians who cannot rightly be labeled Fundamentalist, but who still strongly affirm the traditional doctrinal positions on God, Scripture, and Man. [See also under Hodge and Berkouwer.]

    Berkhof, Louis. Systematic Theology. 2 vols. in 1. 4th ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1941. 784 pp.

A respectable systematic theology by former president of Calvin Theological Seminary.

A powerful discussion of the issues surrounding the salvation and faith from a Calvinist perspective.

An important concept in Berkouwer's thought. He affirms the importance of God's rule over all things.

A solid introduction.

One of the definitive theological works in conservative theology in the 19th century. Still widely referred to as an example of Reformed systematic theology.

Well respected systematic theology by Baptist professor and scholar.

The best known work of this 19th century conservative Calvinist theologian. A good systematic theology.

The standard systematic theology text for many years by well known Baptist theologian.

A brief presentation of the essential aspects of Warfield's theology.

A theology which emphasizes existence over essence, i.e. "Does it exist?" over "What is it?" Other important themes are human freedom, subjectivity, and irrationality. [Er] [See also under Kierkegaard, Bultmann, and Tillich.]

    Kierkegaard, Søren. Attack Upon Christendom. Trans. Walter Lowrie. London: Oxford University Press, 1944. 303 pp.

Kierkegaard's last, and maybe most significant work. It was directed essentially against the beginnings of modern liberal theology and its dead orthodoxy.

A very important work. Includes helpful bibliographical information and other references.

An explication of Bultmann's notion of mythology as it informs his Biblical hermeneutic. Contains an especially valuable section on the relationship between Biblical interpretation and existentialist philosophy.

Bultmann's attempt to present the teachings of Christ as they would have been understood by the 1st century Hebrew. A fascinating volume in which Bultmann's existential "demythologizing" program is practically seen.

An application of Bultmann's existential understanding of kerygma and myth to biblical theology.

A complete study of the concept of existence--a concept that the author suggests is the best platform by which a theology relevant to the issues of our time might be built.

A defense and exposition of a existentialist point of view. Contains a helpful application of existential concepts to specific doctrines.

Tillich delineates what he claims to be the fundamental aspects in human relations. Important for understanding Tillich's theological thought as a whole.

An autobiographical essay and discussion of human knowledge and truth. Concludes that moral decisions as well as the Holy itself have a relative element.

The magnum opus of this extremely significant existential theologian.

A conservative theological movement which began in the late-19th century and lasted well into the 20th century which emphasized the essentiality of the doctrines of the virgin birth, inerrancy of Scripture, the immanent coming of Christ, etc. This movement caused much division in mainline churches especially in the Baptist and Presbyterian denominations.

    Barr, James. Beyond Fundamentalism. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1960. 195 pp.

An examination of the intellectual claims of Fundamentalism from the perspective of contemporary Christian faith. The author suggests that an attempt be made to move beyond fundamentalism and the impasse which surrounds matters of biblical authority. [S]

An appraisal of the historical roots, conflicts within, and societal issues of Fundamentalism. Also looks at the development of conservative Biblical scholarship as a whole. Author concludes that Fundamentalism is incoherent from a scholarly point of view. Includes a helpful bibliography.

A excellent collection of essays by both those within the fundamentalist tradition and those without which seek to define and understand the impact and implications of fundamentalism in its various historical and current expressions.

A very helpful analysis of the various types of fundamentalism and the growth of the Fundamentalist movement. Written from a liberal point of view.

A comprehensive history of the early 20th century fundamentalist scholars, schools and associations. Written from a very conservative point of view. Detailed and very well-researched written from a very conservative point of view.

An analysis of the impact of the turbulent 1920's when fundamentalists rose to defend conservative theology.

A short but valuable treatise on biblical authority by fundamentalist scholar.

A penetrating critique of liberalism by conservative scholar.

A defense of Fundamentalism by conservative scholar. Contains an exposition of historical roots and socio-cultural aspects. Also serves as a critical reassessment of proposal that Fundamentalism came from the Princeton School of Theology.

Short but effective defense of fundamentalist principles by leading conservative scholar. Emphasis placed on the authority of Scripture.

Biographies of the major fundamentalist leaders of the 1920's.

An illustration of the historical roots of fundamentalism. The author suggests that the Princeton School of Theology was especially instrumental. Good background material.

A thorough exposition of systematic theology in 64 essays written from a conservative point of view.

A movement which flourished in Europe in the 19th century and in America in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Liberal theologians claimed freedom in two areas: (1) from traditional dogmas and creedal formulations and (2) in the handling of historical texts and sources. Liberal theology therefore was formulated in the light of advancing knowledge in philosophy, science, and other disciplines. [Rd] [See also under Harnack, Kant, Ritschl, Schleiermacher, and Troeltsch.]

    Barth, Karl. Protestant Theology: From Rousseau to Ritschl. Trans. Brian Cozens. New York: Harper, 1959. 435 pp.

A very good history of protestant theology (especially from the liberal point of view) by a theologian who greatly impacted the way liberal theology is currently regarded.

An analysis of the significant authors of liberalism in America, e.g. Bushnell, Munger, Gordon, Tucker, and Newman Smyth.

Competent introduction to this influential movement in American theology.

Represented an important and influential break from the traditional understanding of theology. Beginnings of liberal theology. Had a marked influence on Horace Bushnell.

A debate between a liberal theologian and John Stott, a well known evangelical. An interesting and valuable exchange.

The best known work by a liberal Hegelian philosopher/theologian.

Considered by many to be the classic statement of religious liberalism.

An important exposition of liberal systematic theology.

Considered to be the classic statement of American liberalism. Generally a very interesting volume.

    Martineau, James. Seat of Authority in Religion. New York: Longmans, 1890. 664 pp.

A work which did much to discredit traditional biblical authoritarianism in the eyes of many by a very capable philosopher of religion. [Rm]

A defense of the liberal theological viewpoint. Emphasis is placed on socio-cultural aspects of religion.

"Ritschlianism" was the late 19th century word for modernist theology. A powerful critical analysis of Ritschl's thought by one of the greatest conservative theological minds. [Rm]

A collection of essays by Liberalism's founders and greatest minds, e.g. Harnack, Herrmann, Lotze, and especially beneficial is the section on Ritschl.

An excellent discussion of the importance of Enlightenment philosophy (as it was translated into 19th century theology) for the current theological scene. Also discusses philosophical aspects important to the theological enterprise, i.e. morality, God, existence, and language.

A classic work in liberal soteriology.

A collection of various essays on liberal theology by many of the well known scholars representing the various shades of liberalism. Contains an outstanding history of the development of liberal theology. [Rm]

Probably the most important work by the immensely influential liberal theologian. A complete and systematic presentation of doctrine.

One of the most important works of a man considered by many to be the most important theologian of the 19th century. Here he tries to show that Christianity has nothing to do with traditional orthodoxy.

One of the most influential books of the early 20th century.

One of Troeltsch's greatest works. An interesting perspective on the social gospel by renowned liberal theologian.

Considers the historical development of 19th century liberal theology. Traces the key issue as being the centrality and authority of Jesus Christ.

A system of theology arising in the early and mid-20th century which, while accepting biblical criticism and a certain amount of existential thought, emphasizes divine transcendence as well as human sinfulness and need. It represented a return to modified forms of orthodox doctrines as contrasted with the liberal abandonment of such doctrines. [Er] [See also under Barth, Bonhoeffer, and Niebuhr.]

    Barth, Karl. Church Dogmatics. Edinburgh: Clark, 1968-1978. 4 vols. in 13. 8247 pp. []

This modern day "Summa Theologica" is clearly the definitive formulation of Neo-Orthodox theology. Agree with Barth or not, it is probably the greatest theological work of the 20th century.

A work heavily influenced by Kierkegaard which had a tremendous impact. It contributed to the beginnings of Neo-Orthodox Theology as well as propelling Kierkegaard's works heavily into the spotlight of 20th century theology.

A systematic and valuable introduction to Barth's theology. It stressed God's encounter with man rather than man's discovery of God. Covers the environment of theology, existential aspects of theology, theological dangers, and theology at work in prayer, study, service, and love.

An important volume which pulls together a number of Barth's most important addresses. These essays cover various topics such as God's righteousness, problems in ethics, the task of preaching and ministry, and the Christian's place in society.

A fascinating analysis of what it means to be a Christian by German scholar martyred by the Nazis in 1945.

Written by Bonhoeffer during his imprisonment and prior to his execution. Some of what was said in this book was picked up on by the secular theologians in the 1960's. An important and powerful work with implications for all areas of theology.

An investigation of the notion of justice and the practical outworkings of that definition as applied to a theological system.

A consideration of what the author believes is the fundamental need of western civilization--to reflect on the ultimate presuppositions of the meaning od existence. As a whole, this volume is a valuable and consistent apologetic for the Christian faith.

An English translation of a Swedish work. Critiques the men mentioned and gives a very impressive survey of American theology in general.

An apologetic for Neo-Orthodox theology which revolves around the topics of the relationship between faith and reason and the nature of revelation.

A collection of essays by some of the prominent theologians and philosophers of religion of the day who discuss the turning of the tide away from liberalism to realism. Many different viewpoints represented.

Important work in Biblical theology. Also serves as a interesting analysis of Schleiermacher's theology.

Renowned neo-orthodox theologian builds the anthropological framework for a contemporary view of salvation by seeking to understanding human nature and human destiny. He suggests that both human nature and destiny are best understood within a Christian world view.

A discussion of the doctrine of sin in Bennett, Calhoun, Elliott, Hicking, Horton, Marx, H. R. Niebuhr, R. Niebuhr, and Tennant. Good bibliographic information.

A thorough and biting critique of neo-orthodox tenets by Reformed theologian. Basic thesis is that the fundamental presuppositions of liberalism are not changed by neo-orthodoxy. [Rm]

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African Theology 

A theology of liberation and contextualization which asserts that the Christian faith as professed by Africans ought to find expression in terms that arise out of African cultural values and life-experience. [Fg] [See also under liberation theology.]

    Appiah-Kubi, Kofi and Sergio Torres, eds. African Theology en Route. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1979. 214 pp. []

A collection of essays from third world theologians which present a wide ranging and invaluable perspective on the development and direction of African theology. Covers recent trends, theological resources, and liberation concepts.

A collection of essays which summarize the various African theological views on God, sacrifice, eschatology, et al. Very helpful.

Discussion of the growth of African theology with emphasis on cultural issues and education.

A collection of essays which together form an African systematic theology. Emphasis is placed on the idea of revelation which the author claims must be the central notion in African theology.

A warning about "unhealthy trends" in African theology by a conservative African theologian. He claims that universalism, idolatry, and non-Christian conceptions of God are deeply influential and prevalent in much African theology.

A classic work by one of the most important African theologians.

A discussion of African traditional religions and nationalism together with their impact on African theology. Includes a helpful delineation of the various kinds of African theology.

An excellent and comprehensive summary of issues pertinent to any third world theology. Also includes an extensive treatment of the various religious factions in Asia and Africa.

A helpful examination of Christianity, Islam, and Traditional African religions. Good background material.

Theologian from Ghana covers issues of contextualization, Christology, African family, and sin. A competent introduction to African theology.

Discusses the elements of African culture which affect religion, e.g. ancestors, authority, etc. Interesting section on the current state of Christianity in Africa. Includes an extremely helpful extensive topical bibliography.

A theology of liberation and contextualization which emphasizes the themes of suffering, humanity, freedom, and the autonomy and essentiality of distinctive aspects of Asian culture. [Fg] [See also under liberation theology.]

    Elwood, Douglas J., ed. Asian Christian Theology. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1980. 342 pp. []

A stimulating collection of essays on Asian theology. Addresses issues crucial to relating the Christian faith in Asian contexts. Written from conservative point of view.

Survey of the history of protestant religion in Japan. Discusses various issues of contextualization which are pertinent to a discussion of Asian theology in general.

A Japanese scholar emphasizes a concept prevalent in Asian theology--the pain and suffering and God. The author suggests that Asian (and other third world liberation theologies) can benefit Christianity as a whole by explicating a theology freed from the "western" or Greek perspective.

A work which seeks to contextualize theology to the Asian (and specifically to the Japanese) mind set. Contains valuable insights about the influence of culture and the nature of the Christian message.

    Ro, Bong Rin and Ruth Eshenauer, ed. The Bible and Theology in Asian Contexts. Taiwan, ROC: Asian Theological Association, 1984. 404 pp.

An evangelical perspective on the development of Asian theology and the methodological issues of contextualization. Interesting survey on the various sub-contexts encountered in Asia, e.g. Hindu, Buddhist, Confucian, etc.

A theological discussion which focuses on God's compassion and seeks to show that viable theology exists beyond the peculiarities of western culture.

An Asian theology which accentuates the necessity of the heart. A good synopsis of matters pertinent to and distinctive of Asian theology.

A work which highlights the importance of "listening to the world" as we do theology. Theology, according to Song, is not an application of doctrine but a recognition of the relationship between the suffering God and suffering humanity.

A theology of liberation which insists that there is a fundamental link between "black identity" and the gospel of Jesus Christ and between Black theology and black history. Its intentions and concerns lie deep in the experience of oppression on the grounds of race that has characterized the lives of the African-American people in the United States. [Fg] [See also under liberation theology.]

    Bentley, William H. The Relevance of a Black Evangelical Black Theology For American Theology. Chicago: National Black Christian Students Conference, 1987.

The author introduces a Black theology which he suggests is more relevant and Biblically authoritative to the contextual situation of Black Americans than is the standard American theology which "is as white as it is Christian." [Ev]

Explores matters within Black theology and theology of poverty. Cone suggests that 'Black Power' is not antithetical to Christianity.

Excellent introduction to Black theology by one of the most prominent figures in the field. Summarizes history developments and suggests future trends.

A thorough presentation of theology by the leading Black theologian. An excellent work.

A helpful introductory assessment and an outstanding and comprehensive fully indexed and annotated bibliography. Also considers critiques of Black theology by other liberation theologies.

An analysis of racial pluralism in the Bible, Old Testament and New Testament mandates for social justice, and biblical teaching relating to the survival of to human family.

An examination of Black theology in light of Moltmann's Theology of Hope. [See THEOLOGY OF HOPE, MOLTMANN, and PANNENBERG.] The author provides a historical overview of the black church and concludes by setting the future of the Black community in the context of the future of God. [Ev]

An analysis of racism, suffering and Black theology. Author suggest a Black 'theodicy.'

A collection of sermons, which although not directly on Black theology, covers relevant concerns with profound sincerity and eloquence.

Addresses the connection between African-American religious belief and African theology.

A solid survey of the nature of redemption in a black context by a conservative Black theologian.

A systematic presentation of Black theology. Connections drawn to theologies of liberation.

One of the most significant books in the field. Explores the sources for Black theology and the limits of Black radicalism.

A presentation of the foundational works of Black theology. Serves as an introduction to Black theology in general.

A theology which affirms the traditional doctrines of orthodox Christianity, with an emphasis on the need for individual personal regeneration. [Er] [See also under Henry.]

    Carnell, Edward J. The Case for Orthodox Theology. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1959. 162 pp.

A statement of and an apologetic for orthodox Christianity which the author defines as a group which limits the ground of religious authority to the Bible.

An attempt to define the evangelical movement in all its variety. Contains 15 essays from various points of view all generally under the evangelical "umbrella."

    Ellingsen, Mark. The Evangelical Movement. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1988. 496 pp.

A complete and helpful summary of the history, current trends, and thought of the evangelical movement. Includes good bibliographic information.

Arguably the best complete evangelical systematic theology in print today.

A warning to the evangelical community to learn from the lessons of the past. Considers various possible "problem areas," i.e. disunity, conflicts over inerrancy, and strife over social concerns.

The magnum opus of this well known evangelical theologian. A comprehensive and well-written systematic theology.

A collection of essays on topics ranging from Old Testament theology to philosophy of religion to evangelism by some of the best evangelical scholars in their respective fields. Includes good bibliographic information.

A thorough explication of the doctrinal core of the evangelical movement. Contains essays by some of the best scholars evangelicalism has to offer. Presented in a clear and helpful format--an essay followed by response and discussion.

An essay in theological methodology which discusses the impact of the Enlightenment on orthodox theology and Barth's attempt to restore it. Also includes a discussion of the future course of various doctrines.

A theology which lays heavy emphasis on the status and liberation of women. In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on hermeneutical issues. [Er] [See also under liberation theology.]

    Achtemeier, Elizabeth. The Feminine Crisis in Christian Faith. Nashville: Abingdon, 1965. 160 pp.

A simple, well-written discussion of the status of females in contemporary religion.

A conservative theologian, sympathetic with some of the feminist program, critiques the tendency within feminist theology to revise the language of scripture. He suggests a "biblical" alternative to patriarchialism and feminism.

A influential philosophy of feminism based on liberation principles and a psychology of the feminist experience.

One of the most influential classic works in feminist theology. Serves as a exposition of the dimensions of anti-feminism in the Catholic church, and by extension, in religion in general.

One of the most powerful statements of feminism in print. An ethical, theological, and political analysis of issues championed by the radical feminists.

An attempt to present a critical feminist biblical interpretation.

Contains essays by some of the foremost feminist theologians covering issues of biblical tradition and interpretation, Christian history and interpretation, and the practical consequences of one's perspective on femininity. Includes an excellent bibliography.

A collection of essays by evangelical scholars designed to provide Biblical answers to the question of women in leadership.

A good summary of matters appropriate to feminist theology presented from a relatively conservative point of view.

A work which endeavors to show how the dichotomy of matriarchy and patriarchy has adversely affected religious thought.

A collection of essays which comprise a thorough and biting critique of even the less radical forms of feminist theology. Probably the best exposition of a very conservative view of women and the Bible.

A anthology of essays which propose to display more specifically the extent to which Christianity and Judaism have degraded and suppressed women.

A solid discussion of the nature and concerns of feminist theology.

A good survey of the hermeneutical aspects of feminist theology in a collection of essays.

A theological treatise on human liberation from the feminist viewpoint. Presents both theological and historical arguments for her position.

A discussion of female imagery for God in the Hebrew Scriptures as well as the image of God as presented in Genesis, Song of Songs, and Ruth.

A call for a feminist reinterpretation of traditional Christology.

A collection of theological movements (Black theology, Feminist theology, Third-World liberation movements) which put more emphasis on the deliverance of human beings from various types of temporal bondage--economic, political, and social--than on personal redemption from sin. It tends to draw on the social sciences rather than on biblical and theological bases. Note: this section is devoted to works which analyze the concept of liberation itself and to non-specific Third-World liberation movements. [Er] [See also African theology, Asian theology, Black theology, and feminist theology.]

    Boff, Clodovis. Theology and Praxis. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1987. 379 pp.

A penetrating analysis and exposition of the methodological issues which are necessary for erecting a theology of liberation. A author seeks to clarify and articulate the boundaries of the relationships among theology, political science, social science, hermeneutics, and praxis.

A important historical survey. Includes a theological investigation of the concept of liberation as well as pastoral implications of the entire liberation program.

A excellent introduction which draws directly on the thought of various liberation theologians. Also discusses a number of critiques of liberation theology.

Contains 33 essays by the best liberation theologians from Africa, Asia, and Latin America. A comprehensive and valuable reference.

A well organized introduction in which the author investigates the thought of various significant liberation theologians as well as the documents of Vatican II. Includes responses to his critiques.

A classic of Liberation theology which states its basic convictions with clarity and distinctiveness. [S]

A collection of 59 essays which endeavor to show the development of Liberation theology from the 1950's to the present. Extremely valuable both as background material and as a historical reference.

An exposition and critique which focuses on the Biblical grounds of liberation theology and hermeneutical issues.

A comparison of liberation theology and the theology of Reinhold Niebuhr [see under NEO-ORTHODOX THEOLOGY and NIEBUHR.] While the author sides with Niebuhr, he suggests that both perspectives are of value and are needed to balance each other.

An interesting critique of both liberation theology and of those who argue against it. Helpful presentation of the points of theological divergence.

An analysis of the sociological, economic, political, and theological forces which have precipitated the rise of liberation theology. A clear and helpful presentation.

An interesting work which defines the historical context, method, and fundamental theses of liberation theology. The author accepts its social message while criticizing its philosophy, hermeneutic, and method.

A classic work of liberation theology which serves as an apologetic for both its content and method.

A 20th century theological movement which, stemming largely from the thought of Alfred North Whitehead, regards reality as primarily processive or evolving in nature. Moreover, God is so closely identified with the rest of reality that he too is thought to be growing and developing. [Er]

    Basinger, David. Divine Power in Process Theism: A Philosophical Critique. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1988. 135 pp.

A biting critique of philosophical elements of process thought especially as they relate to the Christian faith. The author suggests that a process conception of God's nature is ultimately fraught with semantic and logical difficulties.

A presentation of natural theology based on the work of Alfred North Whitehead. A good introduction to process thought and its implications for a theological system.

A anthology of essays by various process theologians which seek to introduce process thought and defend its key aspects. Includes an appendix on Teihard de Chardin and a complete bibliography.

An attempt to connect the quest for the historical Jesus, the Neo-orthodox emphasis on God's self-revelation, and the process philosophy of Whitehead and Hartshorne.

A critique of process theism by an evangelical theologian. Both the metaphysical aspects of process thought and the theological manifestations of those concepts are assessed.

A work which asks the question, "What is meant by the term `God'?" The author builds a conception of God as absolute yet intricately connected to all there is. He also suggests that the divine attributes are best understood in a social framework.

The author claims that process theology opens the door, shut since Hume and Kant, to natural theology. He discusses the nature of God and the various theistic proofs and how a relativist conception of God allows one to sidestep the standard criticisms of these proofs.

An outstanding collection of essays by evangelical scholars which define and critique Process theology. Despite their philosophical rigor, these essays remain very readable.

An estimation of the current state of the doctrine of God in the light of developments in Process Theology and the Theology of Hope. Includes a bibliography.

A collection of essays on God's relation to time and history, theological objectivity, truth, and faith.

A brief introduction to process philosophy and its connection to Christianity. Includes a selected bibliography.

    Sia, Santiago. God in Process Thought. Dordecht, Netherlands: Matinus Nijhoff, 1985. 153 pp.

A study of Hartshorne's concept of God. Includes a postscript by Hartshorne himself.

A study of the evolutionary nature of man and its implications for both process philosophy and theology.

A comprehensive philosophical treatise of the nature of reality. This volume serves as the philosophical springboard for process theology.

A classic definition of religion and God as seen within a process philosophy.

A theological system associated with the Roman Catholic Church which accepts the pope as the supreme earthly authority. Current Roman Catholic theology was greatly impacted by Vatican II (1962-65) which made far-reaching statements on the church, revelation, and salvation. [Er]

    Abbott, Walter M., ed. The Documents of Vatican II. New York: Herder, 1966. 794 pp.

An analysis of the documents of this extremely important church council. Includes introductions and commentaries by Catholic experts and responses by Orthodox and Protestant scholars.

An optimistic description and analysis of the edicts coming from Vatican II by an evangelical theologian.

A comprehensive, well-researched compendium of Catholic faith, belief, and practice both before and after Vatican II. Well organized and clearly written. Contains a outstanding topical bibliography.

 wide-ranging and systematic essay on the tradition of the Roman Catholic church. Includes both a historical outline and a theological synthesis. Especially interesting in the discussion of contemporary Protestant thought and the problem of tradition.

A good survey of Roman Catholic thought. Includes a good bibliography.

A call for a new global ethic based on an ecumenical understanding of religion and a pluralist understanding of religious truth.

A major theological and ecclesiological discussion of what it means to be a Christian written from a Catholic point of view.

A prominent Catholic scholar suggests a paradigm change in theology, especially in its view of ecumenicity. An excellent discussion of the past, present, and future directions of Catholic theology.

A helpful analysis of the changing nature of the Roman Catholic church. Law, ecumenicity, situation ethics, missions, and other issues are discussed.

An excellent discussion of the implications of Vatican II by a renowned Catholic scholar.

An impressive collection of Rahner's works which provide a comprehensive exposition of his thought over the entire range of systematic theology.

An apologetic for Catholicism which discusses a wide range of pertinent issues.

An investigation nature, impact and implications of the modernist movement within the Roman Catholic Church.

The first volume in a series of over one-hundred books inspired by Vatican II. An important explication of the meaning of Vatican II for Roman Catholic theology by a prominent Catholic scholar.

A powerful discussion of the relationships between God and man, God and religion, and man and religion in the context of Vatican II and other recent theological trends.

A good analysis of post-Vatican II Roman Catholic theology by prominent Roman Catholic scholar.

A examination of contemporary movements in the Roman catholic church, especially those inspired by Vatican II. Includes an evangelical critique of the direction and nature of Roman Catholic theology.

A broad category which includes everything from those who desire involvement in the world rather than withdrawing into a relationship with God to radical theologians for whom `God' is no longer necessary in secular society. Unifying themes are the denial of the value of a personal relationship with God, prayer, and traditional forms of corporate worship.

    Altizer, Thomas J. The Gospel of Christian Atheism. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1966. 157 pp.

A complete and systematic exposition of Death of God theology.

A series of essays which introduce the essential features of death of God theology and suggest some implications for religious thought as a whole.

A early forerunner of secular theology. The author emphasizes the practical implications of God's existence for everyday living.

Author traces the historical roots of radical theology back to among other things, rationalistic orthodoxy and critical scholarship. He also suggests future trends. Very valuable background material.

A popular work by a thinker who is arguably the high priest of Secular Theology.

A helpful survey of the death of God movement.

A work which criticizes the anti-supernaturalist claims of secular theology. The author claims that religion is inherently supernatural.

One of the classic expositions of Secular Theology by one of its leading proponents.

A fascinating discussion of Death of God theology.

A critique of the basic position of van Buren and Robinson [see below].

Jewish, Protestant, and Catholic scholars from various theological perspectives debate the Death of God movement. An intriguing discussion.

An analysis and critique of significant Death of God scholars: Altizer, W. Hamilton, and van Buren.

A highly influential and controversial book by an English bishop which questions many of the metaphysical assumptions of Christianity. This work was the impetus for much of secular theology.

A sketch of the framework for a revolution in theology which emphasizes the human predicament at the expense of doctrine.

An interpretation of the gospel message which emphasizes the current state of humanity while remaining agnostic about "otherworldly powers and beings." The author rejects the validity of metaphysical questions regarding religion.

An apologetic for reshaping the church and theology around the needs of the world rather than around a doctrinal statement or an eccesiological system.

A theological system based primarily on eschatological hope. The present, therefore, even the present nature of God is understood only in terms of what will be. [Er] [See also under Pannenberg and Moltmann.]

    Braaten, Carl E. and Robert W. Jensen. The Futurist Option. New York: Newman, 1970. 183 pp.

A series of essays on the concepts of hope, political eschatology and the future.

A discussion of contemporary trends in theology as they have impacted the Theology of Hope. Emphasis is placed on the thought of Moltmann and Merton.

An analysis of the historical, philosophical, and social contexts of the Theology of Hope. The importance of history in addition to that of eschatology is highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the thought of Moltmann.

A discussion of what the author calls "practical fundamental theology" which is essentially a new political theology.

A series of essays which highlight essential features of the Theology of Hope such as the concept of God, the world in which he proclaims His presence, and the practical, vocational, and ethical roles of Christians as they live in that world.

A excellent explication of the Theology of Hope program.

An appraisal of eschatology in modern theology coupled with creative insights suggesting new theological and practical directions for expressing Christian hope. [S]

    Pannenberg, Wolfhart. Basic Questions in Theology. 2 vols. Trans. George H. Kehm. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1970-1971. 487 pp.

A collection of essays devoted to the understanding of God and the theological importance of history in understanding the christian's faith, hermeneutics, and the dilemma of faith and reason.

A theological study of the kingdom of God as it relates to doctrine, the church, ethics, and the future.

Back to Index

KANT, Immanuel [1724-1804] 

An extremely influential German philosopher of the Enlightenment who sought to harmonize Hume's empirical philosophy and the Christian faith. His attack on metaphysical thinking cast doubt on traditional natural theology. Moreover, his attempt to establish man as a thinking and moral creature, transcendent over nature, was immensely influential in 19th century theology. [Ri] [See also under liberal theology.]

    Davidovich, Adina. Religion as a Province of Meaning: The Kantian Foundations of Modern Theology. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993. 338 pp. [!]

An interesting philosophical discussion of Kant's influence on theology.

A reinterpretation of Kant's view of religion which emphasizes his philosophy of history.

Kant's enormously important analysis of moral philosophy and religious thought.

Kant's critique of metaphysics. Had a major impact on 19th century religious thought.

The sequel to Critique of Pure Reason (above) which summarizes its basic tenets and implications.

Kant's influential discussion of the nature and parameters of religion.

An inquiry into Kant's religious thought which focuses on the relationship between religion and history as Kant saw it.

An extremely valuable investigation of Kant's influence on theology.

An interesting critical examination of three very important molders of modern theological thought. The influence of these three men is incalculable. [Rm]

An analysis of the metaphysical aspect of Kant's theology which considers Kant's concept of God and his view of the theistic proofs.

German Protestant theologian commonly thought to be the founder of Liberal protestantism. He asserted that religion is not a matter of belief or practice, but of feeling. [Er] [See also under liberal theology.]

    Barth, Karl. The Theology of Schleiermacher. Trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982. 287 pp.

A collection of Schleiermacher's essays on various subjects together with an explication of his theology, hermeneutics, understanding of the Christian faith.

A thorough study of this great founder of modernist theology. Especially valuable is chapter 7 on Schleiermacher's influence. Excellent bibliographical information. [Rm]

Contains a brief biography and a thorough explication of Schleiermacher's thought through a number of original texts. Includes a selected bibliography.

A series of essays which seek to determine the current validity and impact of Schleiermacher's theology.

A brief development of Schleiermacher's understanding of theology and his formative significance for contemporary religious thought.

An attempt to describe the critical and characteristic aspects of Schleiermacher's theological program, e.g. his view of man, hermeneutics, the Christian faith, and Christ.

An evaluation of Schleiermacher's life, theological system, and contribution. Includes a valuable bibliography.

    ________. On Religion: Speeches to it Cultured Dispisers. [See under liberal theology.]

    Selbie, W. B. Schleiermacher: A Critical and Historical Study. London: Chapman and Hall, 1913. 271 pp.

A extensive discussion of Schleiermacher's thought. Especially valuable is the analysis of his philosophy of religion.

A concise biography and evaluation of Schleiermacher's thought and significance.

A nearly complete list of Schleiermacher's works with a brief introduction, annotations, and index.

An description of the background of Schleiermacher's thought especially as it informs his doctrine of God.

Danish existential theologian whose works did not became popular until Barth's Epistle to the Romans, 1919. Kierkegaard emphasized the subjectivity of truth, the importance of the existential concepts of sin and dread, the wrong-headedness of Hegelian philosophy, and the impossibility of proving the truth of Christianity. [See under existential theology.]

    Bretall, Robert W., ed. A Kierkegaard Anthology. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1946. 494 pp.

One of the best anthologies of Kierkegaard's writings. Includes a selected bibliography.

An inquiry into two major themes in Kierkegaard's theology: "existential living" and "truth is subjectivity" by a conservative theologian.

An excellent work by a Catholic scholar which deals primarily with philosophical aspects of Kierkegaard's thought.

A helpful analysis of this central theme in Kierkegaard's writings. Not only is this theme important for understanding Kierkegaard, but also for understanding Existential theology as a whole.

An interpretation of Kierkegaard's literature with emphasis on his later writings.

A well rounded and well organized presentation of Kierkegaard's system of theological thought. Includes 12 essays by various theologians.

A brief but beneficial study of Kierkegaard's thought and influence. Includes a helpful bibliography of both primary and secondary works.

Interpretive essays by 17 scholars from diverse national and theological orientations.

    ________. Stages on Life's Way. [See under existential theology.]

    Lowrie, Walter. Kierkegaard. 2 vols. 2nd ed. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1970. 930 pp. []

An outstanding and definitive biography and an analysis of Kierkegaard's thought. Includes a glossary of Kierkegaardian terms, a synopsis of his works, and a selected bibliography.

Brief and authoritative. A clear account of the development of Kierkegaard's thought.

An excellent study of Kierkegaard's understanding of the nature of man and his ability to gain knowledge.

A systematic theologian who taught at Princeton Seminary. He emphasized the inspiration and inerrancy of Scripture while vehemently rejecting the judgments of higher criticism. He was the most internationally known and influential Calvinist theologian in the United States since Jonathan Edwards. [Fm] [See also under conservative theology.]

    Hodge, A. A. The Life of Charles Hodge. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1880. 620 pp. []

The most complete biography of Charles Hodge in writing. Written by one who knew him well, his son.

    Hewitt, Glen Alden. Regeneration and Morality. Brooklyn, NY: Carlson, 1991.

A study of the thought of Finney, Nevin, Bushnell, and Charles Hodge. Emphasis is placed on the legalism in Hodge's thought. Includes a good bibliography.

An analysis of the theological contributions of A. A. Hodge, B. B. Warfield, and Charles Hodge.

An explication of the theological method of Charles Hodge, which the author claims was the basis for his apologetic system.

A collection of essays which expose the theological method, view of Scripture, and understanding of science of Alexander, B. B. Warfield, A. A. Hodge, and Charles Hodge.

A biography of Charles and A. A. Hodge together with an explication the basic theological thought of Charles Hodge, in his own words, recorded by a former student.

German Protestant theologian who, basing his approach upon the views of Immanuel Kant, constructed a form of liberalism that placed emphasis upon value judgements rather than theoretical doctrines and upon the ethical and social responsibilities of believers. He was an extremely important figure in Liberal theology. [Er] [See also under liberal theology.]

    Garvie, A. E. The Ritschlian Theology, Critical and Constructive. Edinburgh: Clark, 1899. 400 pp.

Thorough and comprehensive critique by competent, although not entirely orthodox, British theologian. [Rm]

An analysis of Ritschl's theological and historical method together with an appraisal of the ramifications of those aspects of doctrine which he emphasized. The author also attempts to estimate Ritschl's significance for modern theology.

A valuable explication of Ritschl's view of biblical criticism, history, justification, philosophy, and pietism. Also considers the thought of various theologians who followed in Ritschl's footsteps.

An analysis of Ritschl's theology in light of his understanding of justification and reconciliation together with an appraisal of the strengths and weaknesses of his theological system and his relevance from contemporary theological discussion.

    ________. Ritschlianism: Expository and Critical Essays. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1093. 283 pp.

A conservative theologian evaluates Ritschl's school of thought. He suggests that, while it has positive elements, as a system, it is radically unsound.

    Richmond, James. Ritschl: A Reappraisal. London: Collins, 1978. 319 pp. []

A positive evaluation of the implications of Ritschl's thought. It covers his religious epistemology, doctrine of God, man and Christ, and a discussion of his past and future contribution to theology.

    Staehlin, Leonhard. Kant, Lotze, and Ritschl. [See under Kant.]

    Swing, Albert T. The Theology of Albrecht Ritschl. 4th ed. Trans. Alice Mead Swing. London: Longmans, 1901. 296 pp.

An attempt to define "Ritschlianism." His basic theological concepts are presented and evaluated.

German scholar in the fields of history, theology, philosophy, and sociology who was much impacted by Ritschl and Schleiermacher. He devoted his main efforts to the solution of the problems raised for both theology and philosophy by the development of historical science and the rise of historical relativism. [Fm] [See under liberal theology.]

    Clayton, John P., ed. Ernst Troeltsch and the Future of Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. 217 pp.

A collection of essays on the development of Troeltsch's thought, his system of historical theology, and his view of other religions. Includes a comprehensive bibliography.

An excellent biographical and theological analysis of Troeltsch. Focuses on his understanding of history and includes an extensive bibliography.

Includes a number of fascinating essays by Troeltsch never before seen in English. Also has a fine introduction to Troeltsch's theology.

    Reist, Benjamin A. Toward a Theology of Involvement: The Thought of Ernst Troeltsch. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1966. 264 pp. []

Probably the best introduction to Troeltsch's theology which exists in English. Suggests, contrary to some, that Troeltsch's theology has "collapsed."

    Yasukata, Toshimasa. Ernst Troeltsch: Systematic Theologian of Radical Historicality. Atlanta: Scholars, 1986. 219 pp.

A comprehensive explanation of Troeltsch's theological concerns, his philosophy of religion, and his philosophy of history. Includes a critical evaluation of his thought as a whole.

A German Lutheran Liberal ecclesiastical historian and systematic theologian. Followed Ritschl's position that Christian dogma had been infected by alien Greek metaphysical concepts. As such he emphasized divine fatherhood, universal human brotherhood, and man's duty to his neighbor while depreciating the ontological elements in the Christian message. [Ri] [See under liberal theology.]

    Glick, Wayne. The Reality of Christianity: A Study of Adolf von Harnack as Historian and Theologian. New York: Harper, 1967. 359 pp. [!] []

An excellent biography which provides an exposition of Harnack's theological development, his view of history, and his theological views. Includes a complete bibliography.

    Pauck, Wilhelm. Harnack and Troeltsch. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968. 131 pp.

A study of two liberal theologians who shared an emphasis on historical theology. Includes biographical information and an assessment of their theology, particularly as it relates to their philosophy of history.

Study of the life and thought of Adolf von Harnack, a famous and influential (professor to Barth and Bonhoeffer) liberal theologian of the 19th century. While many of his views have been more or less repudiated, his thought is still interesting and important. [Rm]

Back to Index

BARTH, Karl [1886-1968] 

Swiss theologian who rejected his liberal theological moorings through a gradual rediscovery of Scripture. Key aspects of his thought are (1) the importance of revelation, (2) a depreciation of natural theology, (3) a sharp distinction between revelation and religion, and (4) a strong notion of divine transcendence. He is generally thought to be the founder of Neo-Orthodox theology and is probably the most influential Protestant theologian in the 20th century. [Ri] [See also under neo-orthodox theology.]

    Barth, Karl. Church Dogmatics. [See under neo-orthodox theology.]

    ________. The Epistle to the Romans. [See under neo-orthodox theology.]

    ________. Evangelical Theology: An Introduction. [See under neo-orthodox theology.]

    ________. The Word of God and the Word of Man. [See under neo-orthodox theology.]

    Berkouwer, G. C. The Triumph of Grace in the Theology of Karl Barth. Trans. Harry R. Boer. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1956. 414 pp.

A good discussion of Barth's dialectical theology and his idea of grace.

An evangelical appraisal of Barth's theology which suggests that various aspects can and should be employed to renew the evangelical faith.

A systematic and very readable survey of Barth's theology.

An analysis of Barth's understanding of revelation, natural theology, and the Christological approach to doctrine. The author points out what he feels are the strengths and weakness in Barth's program.

A valuable work which provides a short biography, a consideration of Barth's theological roots, and an analysis of his view of the connection of theology to ethics and Christology to human dignity.

A work by a renowned ecumenical Catholic theologian which argues that there is significant similarities between Barth's doctrine of justification and the Roman Catholic doctrine.

A good appraisal of Barth's work with an emphasis on his understanding of reconciliation and election.

An consideration of Barth's theology as it intersects the questions of ethics and human responsibility.

A brief and lucid survey of the essential aspects of Barth's theology.

An attempt to interpret Barth's theology against the background of the history of modern religious thought and in relation to the religious mood of the 1930's.

    ________, trans. and ed. Revolutionary Theology in the Making. Richmond, VA: John Knox, 1964. 249 pp.

A valuable insight into Barth's early theology through his writings and letters to a fellow theologian.

A collection of essays from authors reflecting diverse theological commitments which seek to demonstrate the continuing importance of Barth's major theological concerns.

A thorough analysis of Barth's theology. Discusses his hermeneutical method, doctrine of time, and his view of the trinity. Includes a bibliography.

An evaluation of Barth which centers on his desire to renew Christian theology by bringing it back in line with God's self-revelation in Christ. Emphasis is placed upon Barth's rejection of natural theology and his dynamic view of the Bible and human reason.

A development of Barth's theological thought in its early years which seeks to clarify the relationship between his theology and his culture, context, and philosophy.

A meticulous and rigorous critique of Barth's theological position which acknowledges its impact but condemns its content. The author develops Barth's Christology and understanding of revelation and then discusses various other critiques of Barth.

A development of the form and substance of Barth's ethic within the framework of his theology.

German New Testament scholar and theologian who is best known for his existentialist interpretation of the Christian faith in which he sought to determine what was `kerygma' and what was `myth' through `demythologizing' Scripture. [See under existential theology.]

    Bartsch, Hans Werner, ed. Kerygma and Myth, A Theological Debate. New York: Harper, 1961. 228 pp. []

An edited volume containing stimulating dialogue between Bultmann and five of his critics. It does a great job showing the intricacies and pitfalls of Bultmann's existentialist program. Includes a selected bibliography.

    ________. Jesus Christ and Mythology. [See under existential theology.]

    ________. Theology of the New Testament. [See under existential theology.]

    Johnson, Roger A. The Origins of Demythologizing. In the Studies in the History